Introduction

“De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum: Peritia, Decus, et Virtus”

A Translation and Analysis by Dr. G. M. Westerman

In this translation, I present “De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum: Peritia, Decus, et Virtus,” a Latin text focusing on women’s swordsmanship. This work, previously lost in the annals of martial arts literature, is now translated and contextualized for a contemporary audience.

My approach sheds light on the historical, technical, and cultural aspects of female sword fighters, offering a nuanced understanding of their role in a traditionally male-dominated discipline. The art of swordsmanship, long perceived as a male bastion, reveals a rich and underexplored dimension in “De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum.” The translation not only makes this text accessible but also invites academic discourse on the subject. The text provides a critical examination of the historical context in which women engaged in swordplay, challenging conventional narratives in martial arts history.

I have employed a philological approach to translate the Latin text, ensuring fidelity to the original while making it comprehensible to modern readers, cross-referencing with historical sources and consulting with experts in medieval martial arts to authenticate the techniques and strategies described. This methodology, hopefully, underscores the credibility of my analysis. I briefly explores the techniques, stances, and philosophical underpinnings specific to women’s swordsmanship, as described in the text.

Discussing the societal implications and the empowerment of women through martial arts, I go to draw parallels with contemporary perspectives on gender and combat sports. My commentary explains how these historical practices resonate with current discussions on gender roles in martial disciplines.

The work is a call to reassess and broaden our perspectives on the history and culture of martial arts.

Original (Transcribed)

De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum: Peritia, Decus, et Virtus

Peritia artis, virtus, et certamen diu cum virtute, probitate et bello associata est. Historice, illa preclarissime ab hominibus est exercitata, sed in aequitatem et vim, feminae in hanc artem progressae sunt, suam peritiam et decus ostendentes. Hic tractatus dirigere conatur in arte gladii, constitutio corporis, motus fundamentales, et praeceptis exercendi, specialiter mulieribus accomodatis, dum artem gladii sectantur.

De Arte Gladii

Primus gradus in arte gladii bene exercitandae est intelligentia fundamentorum manus. Tenacem sed flexibilem manuendae oportet, ut possis facilius moderari et flectere gladium. Gladium eligere debes, quod corporis habitui et viribus tuas accommodet, nam gladius aequilibratus, peritiam tuam excolat. Memento, gladium esse extensionem corporis tui, sic inter manus et capitulum nexus validus formetur.

Constitutio Corporis

Statura apta est ad aequitatem, stabilitatem et agilitatem in arte gladii conservandas. Stare oportet pedibus utrinque latitudine umerorum, unum pedem modice ante alium. Genua leviter flectere debes, gravitatem aequabiliter distribuens. Haec statura aequilibrii motus fluentes et promptas actiones permittere potest. Porro corpus relaxare debes, quia tensio motum et precisionem retardare potest.

Motus Fundamentales

Paucos motus fundamentales in arte gladii perdiscere primas bases firmitatis constituunt. Hic sunt quidam motus fundamentales ad quos tendere debes:

(i) Iactus

Iactus est impetus rectus et efficax. Extendere debes brachium, punctum gladii directe ad obiectum tuum dirigens. Concentrare oportet in certitudine et velocitate, simul aequilibrio gubernandae curae datis.

(ii) Caesura

Caesura est ictus grandis, qui utitur margine gladii ad secandam. Centrum corporis involvere debes, iecur et humeros fluide rotantes ut virtutem generes. Exerceas diversos angulos caedis ad versatilitatem promovendam.

(iii) Paratus et Repositio

Defensio tantundem est necessaria quam offensio. Discas ictus inservientes a corpore tuo avertere. Confestim sequere pugnam repentinam, concludendo ictum iustum post felicem repressionem. Haec conjunctio regulatam gubernationem et controlam monstrat.

Praecepta Exercendi

Exercitatio assidua est clavis ad artem quamcumque perficiendam, non excepta arte gladii. Hic sunt praecepta utiles ad exercitationem efficacem:

(i) Eligere Magistrum Armaturae

Conquiras magistrum armaturae peritum et expertum, qui possit te dirigere de rectis technicis, tibi consilium personale praebere, et tibi adjuvare ad perficiendum peritiam tuam.

(ii) Solitaria Exercitatio

Dedica tempus ad exercitationes solitarias, considerando gressus, ictus, et motus defensivos. Repetitio et assiduitas memoriae musculorum excitant et peritiam generalem tuam meliorant.

(iii) Exercitatio cum Comite

Collabores cum comitibus exercitationis, ut agas gressus defensivos, tempora, et certes. Hac imitata pugnas artificiales poteris sensum tactici et accommodationem generare.

(iv) Mentis Exercitium

Ars gladii non est tantum ludus corporalis, sed etiam mentis requirit concentrationem et disciplinam. Mentem compone tranquillam et intentam, ut possis decernere subitaneas decisiones et responsiones in conflictu. Meditatio et contemplatio utilia sunt ad mentem acuendam et ad anxietates minuendas. Exercere debes non solum in corpore sed etiam in mente, ut sit apta ad celeres mutationes in bello respondendas.

Ars gladii nullas limites novit et omnibus patet, qui eius peritiam consectari student. Feminae, dum artem priscam amplectuntur, suas vires, decus, et constantiam in primis afferunt. Perita manuum gladii, constitutionis corporis, motuum fundamentalium, et assiduae exercitationis, mulieres in arte gladii excellere possunt, se ipsas provehentes et alios hortantes, ut suum singulare potentiale in mundo artium martialium recognoscant.

Translation

On the Art of Women’s Swordsmanship: Skill, Honor, and Virtue.

“Skill in the art, virtue, and long-standing association with strength, integrity, and war have historically been practiced primarily by men. However, in pursuit of equality and power, women have advanced in this art, demonstrating their skill and honor. This treatise aims to guide in the art of the sword, the constitution of the body, fundamental movements, and principles of training, especially tailored for women, as they pursue the art of swordsmanship.”

“On the Art of the Sword”

“The first step in properly practicing the art of the sword is understanding the fundamentals of the hand. One must hold the sword with a grip that is firm yet flexible, so that you can more easily control and bend the sword. You should choose a sword that suits your body’s build and strength, for a well-balanced sword enhances your skill. Remember, the sword is an extension of your body, thus a strong connection is formed between the hands and the hilt.”

“Body Constitution”

“A proper stance is essential for maintaining balance, stability, and agility in the art of swordsmanship. You should stand with your feet shoulder-width apart, one foot slightly in front of the other. You must bend your knees slightly, evenly distributing your weight. This stance allows for fluid movements and quick actions. Furthermore, you should relax your body, as tension can hinder movement and precision.”

“Fundamental Movements”

“Mastering a few fundamental movements establishes the basic foundation of stability in the art of swordplay. Here are some fundamental movements you should aim to master:

(i) Thrust

The thrust is a direct and effective attack. You should extend your arm, directing the point of the sword straight at your target. Focus on accuracy and speed, while also paying attention to maintaining balance.

(ii) Cut

The cut is a powerful strike that uses the edge of the sword to slice. You must involve the center of your body, fluidly rotating your hips and shoulders to generate power. Practice various angles of cutting to promote versatility.

(iii) Parry and Reposition

Defense is just as necessary as offense. Learn to deflect incoming strikes away from your body. Immediately follow up with a quick counterattack, concluding with a precise strike after a successful deflection. This combination demonstrates regulated management and control.”

“Principles of Training”

Consistent practice is the key to mastering any art, including swordsmanship.

Here are the principles for effective training:

(i) Choose a Master of Arms

Seek out a skilled and experienced master of arms who can guide you in the correct techniques, provide you with personal advice, and help you to perfect your skills.

(ii) Solo Practice

Dedicate time to solo practices, focusing on steps, strikes, and defensive movements. Repetition and consistency stimulate muscle memory and enhance your overall skill.

(iii) Practice with a Partner

Collaborate with practice partners to engage in defensive maneuvers, timing, and sparring. Such simulated combat can help you develop a sense of tactics and adaptability.

(iv) Mental Training

Swordsmanship is not only a physical game but also requires mental concentration and discipline. Keep your mind calm and focused, so you can make quick decisions and responses in conflict. Meditation and contemplation are useful for sharpening the mind and reducing anxieties. You should practice not only in body but also in mind, to be prepared for rapid changes in combat situations.”

“Swordsmanship knows no bounds and is open to all who seek to pursue its expertise. Women, in embracing this ancient art, bring forth their strength, honor, and steadfastness. Skilled in the handling of the sword, body positioning, fundamental movements, and continuous practice, women can excel in the art of swordsmanship, advancing themselves and encouraging others to recognize their unique potential in the world of martial arts.”

Notes:

De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum seems to be a basic treatise on the art of swordsmanship, particularly focusing on women.

“De Arte Gladiorum” translates from Latin to English as “On the Art of the Sword.” This phrase refers to a study or treatise on swordsmanship, encompassing various aspects such as techniques, stances, movements, strategies, and the philosophy behind using a sword in combat or martial arts. The treatise covers both the practical skills required for wielding a sword and the theoretical knowledge underlying these skills.

“Constitutio Corporis” translates from Latin to English as “Body Constitution.” In the context of swordsmanship or martial arts, this term likely refers to the physical makeup, stance, and positioning of the body that is essential for effective and efficient movement and technique. It encompasses aspects such as balance, agility, strength, and the proper alignment of the body for executing various movements and techniques in swordplay.

“Mentis Exercitium” This section emphasizes the importance of mental training and discipline in the art of swordsmanship, encouraging meditation and contemplation as means to sharpen the mind and reduce anxieties, focusing on the mental aspects of martial training

Annotations:

It’s important to note that medieval Latin can vary significantly in its vocabulary and style, depending on the time period and region.

The suggested changes aim to align the text more closely with a general Modern Latin style.

For the Title, “Artesia Peritia, Decentia, et Fortitudo” we’ll use  “Ars Gladii Feminarum”

• Artesia Peritia, Decentia, et Fortitudo: “De Arte Gladiorum Feminarum: Peritia, Decus, et Virtus”.
• Artesia peritia:  “Peritia artis”.
• artiam:  “artem”.
• decenciam: “decus”
• manu gladii: “arte gladii”.
• atura: “constitutio corporis”.
• motibus elementaribus:  “motus fundamentales”.
• consiliis de exercitatione:  “praeceptis exercendi”.
• manuum:  “manus”.
• impellendi:  “manuendae”.
• Invenire Doctorem Peritum: “Eligere Magistrum Armaturae”.
• Exercitatio Sola: “Solitaria Exercitatio”.
• Exercitatio cum Socio: “Exercitatio cum Comite”.
• Disciplina Mentalis: “Mentis Exercitium”.
• Iactum: “Iactus”.
• Caesum: “Caesura”.
• Parare et Reponere: “Paratus et Repositio”.
• omnibus aperta est: “omnibus patet”
• Mulieres: “Mulieres”
• sua vires, decenciam, et constantiam: “suas vires, decus, et constantiam”
• Peritus manuum gladii, staturae, motuum elementarium, et exercitationis perpetuae: “Perita manuum gladii, constitutionis corporis, motuum fundamentalium, et assiduae exercitation”
• seipsas promovere et alios adhortari: se ipsas provehentes et alios hortantes”
• suum proprium potentiale: “suum singulare potentiale”

Determining trhe origin of the text “De Arte Gladii” without a specific historical or contextual information can be quite challenging, but we can provide some educated guesses based on the nature of the title and the subject matter.

• Historical Context: The title “De Arte Gladii,” suggests a historical origin. Since Latin was the lingua franca of the Roman Empire and remained the language of scholarship and science in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the text could originate from any time within these broad periods.
• Possible Geographical Origin: Given the use of Latin, the text likely originates from Europe. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Italy, France, Germany, and Spain were centers of martial arts and fencing treatises. It’s possible the text came from one of these regions.
• Potential Authorship: The author could have been a scholar, a fencing master, or a military strategist. During the medieval and Renaissance periods, several known masters of arms wrote treatises on swordsmanship. Examples include Fiore dei Liberi from Italy and Joachim Meyer from Germany. However, without futher stylistic or content references, attributing the text to a specific author would be speculative.
• Purpose and Audience: The text was likely written for students of swordsmanship or for a more scholarly audience interested in the techniques and philosophy of martial combat. The use of Latin suggests it was meant for an educated audience.
• Influence of Historical Swordsmanship Schools: Depending on the specific content and style of the text, it may show influences from various historical schools of swordsmanship, such as the Italian or German schools, which were distinct in their techniques and philosophies.

“De Arte Gladii” could be a product of medieval or Renaissance Europe, written by a fencing master or a scholarly enthusiast of martial arts, intended for students and connoisseurs of swordsmanship.

The term “Feminarum” in the context of a text like “De Arte Gladii” provides some intriguing insights:

• Focus on Women in Swordsmanship: The inclusion of “Feminarum” (of Women) suggests that the text might be dedicated to or significantly focused on the role and skills of women in swordsmanship. This is notable because historical treatises on martial arts, including sword fighting, have predominantly centered around male practitioners.
• Historical Context: If this text is historical, its focus on women’s swordsmanship could be quite extraordinary, given the gender norms and societal roles prevalent in medieval and Renaissance Europe. It could indicate a progressive or unique viewpoint from the author, recognizing and addressing the capabilities and interests of women in an art form traditionally dominated by men.
• Author’s Intent: The author might have been ahead of their time in recognizing and advocating for the skills and participation of women in martial arts. This could reflect a broader cultural or philosophical perspective, perhaps influenced by specific regions or courts known for more progressive views on gender roles.
• Practical vs. Theoretical Approach: The content ranges from practical instructions tailored for women – considering differences in physique, strategy, or societal roles – to more theoretical discussions about the virtues or symbolic significance of women in the art of swordsmanship.
• Possible Patronage or Audience: The text might have been commissioned by or written for a female patron interested in martial arts, or it could have been aimed at a broader audience to educate them about the role and skills of women in this field.
• Cultural Significance: The existence the text could indicate a notable cultural or social movement, where women’s participation in martial arts was either gaining recognition or was already established in certain circles.

“Feminarum” suggests a unique focus on women’s role and skills in this art. It signifies a progressive perspective for its time, offering either practical guidance or a theoretical exploration of women in martial arts. The text is remarkable in the historical context of swordsmanship, highlighting a nuanced understanding of gender roles in martial arts.

Parallels with Contemporary Perspectives

The integration of women into martial arts and combat sports serves as a significant marker of social progress and gender equality. This essay briefly explores the societal implications of women’s involvement in these traditionally male-dominated arenas, focusing on how this integration has fostered empowerment and reshaped contemporary views on gender roles. By drawing parallels between historical practices and modern-day scenarios, we can better understand the transformative impact of martial arts on women’s societal positioning and self-perception.

Traditionally, martial arts have been perceived as a masculine pursuit, emphasizing physical strength and aggression – traits historically associated with men. Women’s participation was often limited or entirely excluded, reflecting broader societal norms that relegated women to passive and non-combative roles. However, this exclusion was not universal; in various cultures, women trained and excelled in combat arts, often out of necessity or as part of cultural heritage. These historical precedents set the stage for the gradual acceptance and eventual celebration of women in martial arts.

Martial arts offer a unique form of empowerment for women. Firstly, they provide a physical empowerment. Training in martial arts enhances physical strength, agility, and endurance, qualities that have been traditionally associated with men. This physical empowerment challenges prevailing stereotypes about female frailty and physical capability. Secondly, there is a psychological empowerment aspect. Martial arts training instills confidence, resilience, and a sense of achievement. It also offers women a space to assert themselves, control their bodies, and confront fears, which is particularly impactful for survivors of violence or abuse.

The increasing visibility of women in martial arts and combat sports has had a profound impact on societal perceptions of gender roles. Female martial artists, both historical and contemporary, serve as role models, challenging the traditional narrative of female vulnerability and dependence. The portrayal of women in media as skilled fighters, for instance, has contributed to a shift in how society views female strength and capability.

Contemporary perspectives on gender in combat sports mirror these shifts. The rise of women in sports like mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing has not only brought increased media attention but also sparked discussions about gender equality in sports. Female fighters in these disciplines are often at the forefront of advocating for equal pay, media representation, and opportunities, mirroring broader gender equality movements.

Despite these advances, challenges persist. Stereotypes and biases continue to influence how female martial artists are perceived, with concerns about femininity and attractiveness often unfairly overshadowing their athletic accomplishments. Moreover, the hyper-sexualization of female athletes in media remains a significant issue, complicating the narrative around empowerment.

In conclusion, the involvement of women in martial arts and combat sports is a multifaceted issue that encompasses physical and psychological empowerment, challenges traditional gender norms, and influences societal perceptions. While significant progress has been made, ongoing issues of gender bias and representation highlight the need for continued advocacy and awareness. Ultimately, the increased participation and visibility of women in these fields not only empower individual women but also contribute to a broader societal shift towards gender equality and respect for diversity in strength and capability.

G. Westerman

2020